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FINAL REPORT WITH FULL DOCUMENTATION and SOURCE CODE OF
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AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF
RAILWAY SIGNALLING
ABSTRACT
The
objective of this project is to provide an automatic railway signalling
operated by the microcontroller. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals
with the reduction of time for which the train is being kept waiting for line
clear and secondly, to provide safety to the trains by reducing the accidents.
This project highlights the concept of managing trains at one particular
station by developing a simulation through microcontroller.
Emphasis has also been given
about
the Historical
Development of Railway Signalling.
This project
finally concluded with a practical
simulation of the automatic railway signalling.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
All
over the world Railway transportation is increasingly used, as this mode of
transport is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than road
transportation. Trains move on iron rail tracks and wheels of the railway
vehicle are also flanged Steel wheels. Hence least friction occurs at the point
of contact between the tracks & wheels.
Therefore
trains carry more loads resulting in higher traffic capacity since trains move
on specific tracks called rails, their path is to be fully guided and there is
no arrangement of steering. Clear of obstruction as available with road
transportation, so there is a need to provide control on the movement of trains
in the form of Railway signals which indicate to the drivers to stop or move
and also the speed at which they can pass a signal.
Since
the load carried by the trains and the speed which the trains can attain are
high, they need more braking distance before coming to the stop from full
speed. Without signal to be available on the route to constantly guide the
driver accidents will take place due to collisions.
There are basically
two purposes achieved by railway signaling.
1.
To safety receive and dispatch trains at a station.
2.
To control the movements of trains from one station to another
After ensuring that
the track on which this train will move to reach the next station is free from
movement of another train either in the same or opposite direction. This
Control is called block working. Preventing the movement from opposite
direction is necessary in single line track as movements in both directions
will be on the same track.
Apart
from meeting the basic requirement of necessary safety in train operation,
modern railway signalling plays an important role in determining the capacity
of a section .The capacity decides the number of trains that can run on a
single day. By proper signalling the capacity can be increased to a
considerable extent without resorting to costlier alternatives.
The
fixed signals provided by the side of the railway track with indication in the
form of colour lights are the actual authority to a driver to get in to the
portion of the track beyond the signal. At stations the trains may be received
on any one of the platform lines. To take the train to any specific track,
points are provided. The purpose of the point on the track is to divert the
train from one track to adjacent one.
Hence the signal has to be connected to the points in an arrangement called interlocking. This Interlocking arrangement only ensures that a point is correctly set for the particular route or a track and the signal conveys this information to the driver.
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