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The problem with majority of data on the web is that it is difficult to use on a large scale, because there is no global system for publishing data in such a way as it can be easily processed by anyone. Everyone using the WWW has the problem that who can you trust to send you e-mails; how can I know sure if a transaction really occurred. So the semantic web can be seen as a huge engineering solution… but it is more than that.
The Semantic Web is a mesh of
information linked up in such a way as to be easily procesable by machines, on
a global scale. The Semantic Web
provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across
application. It is a collaborative effort led by W3C. The Semantic Web is about
common formats for integration and combination of data drawn from diverse
sources, where the original Web mainly concentrates on the interchange of
documents.
The Semantic Web approach instead
develops languages for expressing information in a machine processable form.
This development of Semantic Web is
occurring in atleast two areas: from the infrastructural, all-embracing,
position as espoused by the W3C/MIT and other academically-focused organizations.
Our paper describes the details of Semantic
Web and its need, ontologies, OWL,
semantic web services and its applications- mainly FOAF which provides template
for metadata about the people and their interests. However Semantic Web technologies are still
very much in their infancies, and the future of the project in general appears
to be bright
PROBLEMS WITH THE WWW:
Data that is generally hidden away in
HTML files is often useful in some contexts, but not in others. The problem
with the majority of data on the web that is in this form at the moment is that
it is difficult to use on large scale, because there is no global system for
publishing data in such a way as it can be easily processed by anyone.
Technically WWW means a set of protocols and languages driven by a strong
standards approach namely URI, HTTP, HTML, HML. The principles involved are the
1) Implementation and
platform independence crucial and
2) World Wide Web
consortium the most prominent.
Google –Market Cap: 72.45 $
In comparison
shopping also, the Market cap is 502.70$
Also
in WWW who can you trust to send you e-mail and how can we know for sure if a
transaction really occurred.
Problem Domains:
The general Web
1) Data-mining activities (e.g. search,
comparison, notification)
2)
Transactions(e-com,
e-gov)
3)
Business
Knowledge bases
4)
Intranets,
data warehouses
5)
Collaborative
Computing
6)
Transaction
between systems
7)
Knowledge-based
business
8)
Biology,
law etc
Introduction to the Semantic Web:
According
to Sir Tim Berners-Lee, “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in
which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and
people to work in cooperation.”
Web is Human Friendly Whereas the SEMANTIC WEB is machine friendly.
Semantic Web means adding semantic annotation to web resources. We can make the
Web machine friendly by
1. Creating an environment for Knowledge
inference.
2. Making Knowledge self-explainable for machines.
3. Establishing Trust
We can make it meaningful for machines as shown in
figure.
Ontologies:
Ontology
is standard for some knowledge domain. Examples are Healthcare, Bioinformatics,
and CRM and web services. It provides a formal and agreed upon controlled
vocabulary, which is used to define concepts and information can be tagged
according to these concepts.
WEB ONTOLOGY LANGUAGE
(OWL):
OWL
is an RDF-based language for Ontology modeling. It enable class and instance
definition, using relations and properties such asProperties (price is a
property of product), subclassOf (Employee is subclass of person).
OWLS
ontologies can be developed independently, having concepts reference each
other. Network effect is shown in second figure.
So SEMANTIC WEB is
·
The
next generation of the WWW
·
Information
has machine-process able and machine-
understandable semantics
·
Not
a separate Web but an augmentation of
the current one
·
Ontologies
as basic building block
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES:
To make the semantic web working we need the
ontology technology as follows:
Ontology Languages:
Expressivity
Reasoning support
Web compliance
Ontology Reasoning:
Large scale knowledge handling
oFault-tolerant
oStable & scalable inference
machines
· Ontology Management Techniques:
oEditing and browsing
oStorage and retrieval
oVersioning and evolution Support
· Ontology Integration Techniques:
oOntology mapping, alignment, merging
oSemantic interoperability determination
· And
… Applications
BOTTLENECKS:
Sufficient metadata is the main
bottleneck of the Semantic Web. There is a loop:
- Without metadata, no applications will
be built
- Without applications, no one will create
metadata
The gap between academic and commercial
is called THE META DATA GAP.
Ontology creation requires companies
and organization to standardize their concepts. It is much harder than to
standardize than communication protocols. Ontology creation requires large
investments. Because ontologies reduce the uncertainty of information, their
benefits will be revealed mainly in the long run.
SEMANTIC WEB
APPLICATIONS:
· Adobe – uses RDF as a basis for
documenting meta-data, in PDF and other tools
· Boeing – uses RDF and OWL in several
internal projects
· AGFA – uses RDF to categorize medical
photos
· NOKIA – lots of Semantic Web
activities. Including RDF knowledge store
· IBM -
Strong research activities
FOAF: Stands for “Friend Of A Friend”. It
provides a template for metadata about people, and their interests,
relationships and activities. It is an open community-lead and open source
initiative.
FOAF is used to trust e-mail. The trust can be inferred as shown in figure.
WEB SERVICES:
These
are loosely coupled; reusable components and they can encapsulate discrete
functionality. These are distributed and programmatically accessible over
standard internet protocols and they add new level of functionality on top of
the current web.
PROMISE OF WEB SERVICES:
WSDL means Web Service Description
Language. It describes interface for consuming a web service. Interface
includes the input and output and the access involves the protocol binding.
UDDI means Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration Protocol. UDDI is
the registry for the web services such as the provider, service information and
the technical access. SOAP means Simple Object Access Protocol. XML data
transport involves the protocol binding and the communication aspect.
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES:
WWW has 500 billion users and more than
3 billion pages.
SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGY allows machine supported
data interpretation and ontologies as data model
WEB SERVICE TECHONOLOGY includes automated
discovery, selection, composition, and web based execution of services. The
combination of the above two gives the semantic web services as integrated
solution for realizing the vision of the generation of the web.
Conclusion:
We conclude that Semantic Web can be
seen as the huge engineering solution to the problems of WWW. One of the best
things about the web is that it’s so many different things to so many different
people. The coming Semantic Web will multiply this versatility a thousand fold.
For some, the defining feature of the Semantic
Web will be the ease with which your PDA, your laptop, your desktop, your
server, and your car will communicate with each other. For others, it will be the automation of
corporate decisions that previously had to be laboriously hand-processed. For
still others, it will be the ability to assess the trustworthiness of documents
on the web. .
However, the Semantic web vision of a machine-readable
web has possibilities for application in most web technology.
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